The sociological imagination allows sociologists to distinguish between the personal and sociological aspects of problems in the lives of everyone. As a result, people have some issue on the outcomes of events on a personal level. While the Indian caste system has been dismantled on an official, constitutional level, it is still deeply embedded in Indian society outside of urban areas. 8th ed. The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations, Foundations of Sociology: Towards a Better Understanding of the Human World. Collins Dictionary of Sociology. In caste systems, people are expected to work in an occupation and to enter into a marriage based on their caste. Simply Sociology. 2014. Boston: Pearson. (http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/). This person may also, unable to afford groceries, need to turn to a food bank or amass credit card debt to feed themselves and their families. ed., edited and translated by K. Thompson. Sociology: A Brief Introduction. For example, the McDonald's "Dollar Menu" quantifies both a low cost and the feeling that people are getting a lot of food for a small sum of money (Ritzer, 2018). However, there are other important factors that influence social standing. [1893] 2004. Sociology Plus August 1, 2022 Definition As defined by Robert Morrison MacIver, Society is a system of usages and procedures, of authority and mutual aid, of The Basics of Social Research. Mills believed that, to truly fulfill the promise of social science, sociologists and laypeople alike had to focus on substantial, society-wide problems, and relate those problems to the structural and historical features of the society and culture that they navigated (Elwell, 2002). Bruce, Steve, and Steven Yearley. Random House Websters College Dictionary. Notably, the United State's early gricultural economy was one intertwined with slavery, a fact that would help lead the Civil War after it won its independence from Britain. While some cultures may outwardly say that one's climb and descent in socioeconomic status depends on individual choices, sociologists see how the structure of society affects a person's social standing and therefore is created and supported by society. In many societies, stratification is an economic system based on wealth, or the net values of the money and assets a person has, and income, their wages or income from investments. 2011. functionalism. 2008. Efficiency involves finding and using the optimum method for getting from one point to another. Dominant status One social position that overshadows the other social positions an individual occupies. They are collective group activities that force themselves and get assimilated by the individual. For example, universities may, as a whole, overcharge students for their education. Material and non-material social facts are two different categories of social facts. 10th ed. Brinkerhoff, David, Lynn White, Suzanne Ortega, and Rose Weitz. Scholars should engage in a continual review of their thoughts and experiences. 2013. The McDonaldization of society: Into the digital age. More rigid occupational classes are called castes, which exist both in and outside of India. When the sociological imagination is underdeveloped or absent in large groups of individuals for any number of reasons, Mills believed that fundamental social issues resulted. McDonaldization is a term used to describe the penetration of American cultural and economic products throughout the world. The elderly may be either esteemed or disparaged and ignored. Slavery regained its property after the European colonization of the Western Hemisphere in the 1500s. Some sociologists, Dinerstein, Schwartz, and Taylor among them, even looked at the economic crisis as unveiling the social issue of how academics do sociology. 6). The Social Science Jargon Buster: The Key Terms You Need to Know. Bales, K. (2007). Simply Sociology. Charlotte Nickerson is a member of the Class of 2024 at Harvard University. Taylor & Francis. The New Press. WebOne way sociology achieves a more complete understanding of social reality is through its focus on the importance of the social forces affecting our behavior, attitudes, and life chances. 2016. McDonaldization is a process through which certain principles of fast food management, such as efficiency, come to dominate the ethos of various sectors in society. 2011. However, through persistence and favor with their employers, this person may work their way up to managing the store or even joining the corporation's higher level management an occupation consistent with the upper-middle class. Examples of Status class race sex Types of Status achieved status ascribed status master status Status Pronunciation Pronunciation Usage Guide development of innovative technology, what will be the long-term effect of increased McDonaldization? Fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and timeliness. They include elements like standards, ideals, and morality systems. Merriam-Webster. McDonaldization occurs when any institution follows its four principles: control, predictability, calculability, and efficiency. Giddens, Anthony, and Philip W. Sutton. McDonaldization is a term used to describe the penetration of American cultural and economic products throughout the world. Content is fact checked after it has been edited and before publication. Most personal problems are not exclusively personal issues; instead, they are influenced and affected by a variety of social norms, habits, and expectations. The advent of European modernity in the eighteenth century, with its unique public realm comprised of civil society and the state, is often credited with the introduction and application of this term. Retrieved January 18, 2023 (https://sociologydictionary.org/society/). C. Wright Mills established the concept of sociological imagination in the 20th century. Sociology: The Core. Brym, Robert J., and John Lie. 2006. Those in class systems can socialize with and marry members of other classes. Because the quality of work must be uniform, workers focus on how quickly tasks can be accomplished. This article has been fact checked by Saul Mcleod, a qualified psychology teacher with over 17 years' experience of working in further and higher education. Robots also automate the picking of some products from warehouses. Social phenomena should be viewed as things, according to Durkheim. He critiqued sociology for focusing on accumulating facts that only served to facilitate the administrative decisions of, for example, governments. Societies appear to be subject, every now and then, to periods of moral panic. 3rd ed. Henslin, James M. 2012. 10th ed. For example, ancient Roman slaves were in large part from conquered regions (Gutierrez et al., 2022). We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Upper Saddle River, NJ: Pearson/Prentice Hall. Foley, Michael W., and Virginia Ann Hodgkinson, eds. McDonaldization has numerous advantages, both for consumers and businesses. It is this ability to examine the ways that individuals construct the social world and how the social world and how the social world impinges on the lives of individuals, which is the heart of the sociological enterprise. 18 Jan. 2023. Often, these exogamous marriages focus on values such as love and compatibility. It is also interpreted in light of Emile Durkheims theories on collective conscience and representations. The workers in a McDonaldized system function by following steps in a predesigned and generally well-choreographed process (Ritzer, 2018). Kornblum, William. (1998). Mills ultimately created a framework intended to help individuals realize the relationship between personal experiences and greater society (Elwell, 2002). Ritzer, George. In McDonaldized systems, quantity is equivalent to quantity services that provide a lot of something, or are inexpensive or very fast are automatically better. While the things that sociologists had been studying about these populations up until that point migration and return are significant, the crisis brought a renewed focus in sociology into investigating how the negative effects of neoliberal globalization and the multiple crisis already impacting residents of the global South compound during recessions (Spitzer & Piper, 2014). It has been preferred by sociologists because it does not reduce the complexity of power constructions along a single social division, as has often been the case in stratification theories. WebA society may be defined as a network of interconnected major groups viewed as a unit and sharing a common culture (J.H. For example, someone may think about how much they make, and how much they can budget for clothing, the stores available in the community, and the styles popular in one's area (Joy et al., 2012). Kaufman, Michael, and Michael S. Kimmel. The family, "An introduction to McDonaldization." With Amazon, consumers can order virtually any item online and these products will be delivered quickly and inspected carefully. : The long death of Jim Crow (Vol. Jefferson, NC: McFarland. ed., edited and translated by K. Thompson. Basingstoke, United Kingdom: Palgrave Macmillan. This rational system does not save people money: while people may spend less, they may do more work in the form of waiting for food. This, sociologists have observed, has reduced workers' rights and wages throughout the world, as workers have become easier to replace and in higher supply due to the lack of skill required to do McDonalized jobs (Ritzer, 2013). This means that people can move to a different level of education or employment status than their parents. Intersectionality is an approach to the sociological study of social stratification. A similar definition of society is offered by Ian Robertson (Sociology, 1977): A society is a group of interacting individuals sharing the same territory and participating in a culture. New York: Random House. This includes groceries, electronics, and digital content. Sociology is a very broad discipline that examines how humans interact with each other and how human behavior is shaped by social structures (groups, communities, organizations) social categories (age, sex, class, race, etc.) Social facts are things that happen outside of an individual but strongly affect the individuals concerned. Social and public issues, meanwhile, are beyond one's personal control. Sociology, as a branch of the social sciences, places a particular emphasis on studying institutions. It is used symbolically and is drawn from the market and ideological success of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the world. Durkheim examined suicide rates as quantifiable representations of historical, social facts in his work Suicide. He developed a hypothesis of four social causes of suicide and suggested that suicide rates were tied to various social situations. What predicts human trafficking?. Bell, Kenton, ed. (2022). (http://en.wiktionary.org). For instance, the lines at a fast-food restaurant can be very long, and waiting to get through the drive-through can take longer than going inside. Collins English Dictionary: Complete and Unabridged. Stolley, Kathy S. 2005. A system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization, Behavior between two or more people that is given meaning by them. Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. Harlow, England: Pearson Education. 2011. In foraging societies, for example, social status usually depended on hunting and leadership ability, particularly in males (Gurven & von Rueden, 2006). Sociology in a Changing World. Availability of goods and services depends less on time or geographic location. Encyclopdia Britannica. McDonaldization: The Reader 2 (2002): 4-25. 3rd ed. Wikimedia Foundation. What workers do and even say is highly predictable (Ritzer, 2018). 2002. Sociology Now. Now the question arises what the culture is. Essentials of Sociology. McDonaldization, according to George Ritzer (2018) has four key principles: efficiency, calculability, predictability, and control through non-human technology. Houston, TX: OpenStax. Sociology in Our Times: The Essentials. Can class analysis be salvaged?. Mills believed that American society suffered from the fundamental problems of alienation, moral insensibility, threats to democracy, threats to human freedom, and conflict between bureaucratic rationality and human reason, and that the development of the sociological imagination could counter these. It was developed by sociologist George Ritzer in his 1995 book. Machines or unskilled workers take over the most tedious tasks (Elwell, 2002). . Nonetheless, sociologists see aspects of meritocracies in modern societies when they study the role of academic and job performance and the systems in place intended to evaluate and reward achievement in these areas (Giddens et al., 1991). society. In Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Durkheim, Emile. 2014. The science of society. As in other social stratification systems, the status of one's parents often defines whether or not someone will be put into slavery. Wiley. 6th ed. Organic solidarity has its roots in the reciprocal interdependence of tasks in the division of labor, where the collective awareness weakened, and higher individuation of thinking and behavior emerged as a result. Crenshaw, K. W. (2017). Becker, Howard Saul. The scientific study of society; human relationships in groups. Modern slaves include those taken as prisoners of war in ethnic conflicts, girls and women captured and kidnapped and used as prostitutes or sex slaves, children sold by their parents to be child laborers; and workers paying off debts who are abused, or even tortured, to the extent that they are unable to leave (Bales, 2007). People answer these questions on a personal level through considering a number of different factors. WebSociety A system of social interaction that includes both culture and social organization Social Interaction Behavior between two or more people that is given meaning by them Microanalysis A sociological approach that studies patterns of social interactions that are relatively small, From their point of view, society is an arena in which people fight for benefits and power and the privileged groups consolidate their favorable position through enforcement. Collins, P. H. (1990). On intersectionality: Essential writings. (N.d.) Wiley Online Library. Society is a concept used to describe the structured relations and Suicide. Pp. Cambridge: Polity Press. Ferris, Kerry, and Jill Stein. People are shape and are shaped my surrounding cultural and social structures. Domination The control of one group or individual by another. These are, paraphrased (Mills, 2000; Ellwell, 2002): Scholars should not split work from life, because both work and life are in unity. Belmont, CA: Wadsworth. Ideas are affected by how they are expressed. Nickerson, C. (2022, April 01). At a deeper level, the personal problem of buying a shirt may provoke someone to ask themselves what they are buying the shirt for, where they would wear it, and why they would participate in an activity where they would wear the shirt over instead of some other activity. One of the most important functions of the family is the socialization of children. Consumers, according to Ritzer, take comfort in knowing that McDonald's offers no surprises. However, sociologists agree that there have been no societies in history that have determined social standing solely on merit. In all, this allows the company to provide a reliable and uniform experience to customers throughout the world (Ritzer & Miles, 2019). On the smallest level, individuals were unable to sustain their lifestyles. 3 - The New Right sees the nuclear family as the building block of society. WebDefinition of Society ( noun) A large group of interacting people in a defined territory, sharing a common culture. 2006. This embodies the principle of efficiency. Although black people constituted the majority of the nation's population, they had the worst jobs, could not vote, and lived in poor, segregated neighborhoods. The Rules of Sociological Method. Pp. Davis, Kingsley, and Wilbert E. Moore. Social facts are things that happen outside of an individual but strongly affect the individuals concerned. (https://www.routledgehandbooks.com/). Websociology being used for the public good; lawmakers. Portuguese and Spanish colonists who settled in Brazil and the Caribbean enslaved native populations, and people from Africa were shipped to the "new world" to carry out various tasks. As the office automated, Mills argues, authority and job autonomy became the attributes of only those highest in the work hierarchy. Litwack, L. F. (2009). Consumers can also make calculations in terms of time. society. Open Education Sociology Dictionary. Someone who was laid-off due to the economic downturn may have become unable to make their mortgage or car payments, leading to a bank foreclosing their house or repossessing their car. Charlotte Nickerson is a member of the Class of 2024 at Harvard University. Joy, A., Sherry Jr, J. F., Venkatesh, A., Wang, J., & Chan, R. (2012). This is why, in situations where someone who was born into one social status enters the environment of another such as the child of an uneducated family entering college, the individual may fare worse than others; they lack the resources and support often provided to those whose parents have gone to college (Gutierrez et al., 2022). 11th ed. Thousand Oaks, CA: SAGE. Sociology and You. Thus, those who are highly-educated may receive relatively low pay (Gutierrez et al., 2022). Harlow, England: Pearson Education. It is the collection of people who inhabit the same geographic region, have a shared culture, and consider themselves an integrated and separate entity. New York: Free Press. The sociological imagination is the ability to link the experience of individuals to the social processes and structures of the wider world. If someone had lived in a community with many consignment shops, they may be less likely to buy a new shirt and more likely to buy one that was pre-owned. B. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. The owner of a slave exploits a slave's labor for economic gain. Sociology: Making Sense of Society. Boston: McGraw-Hill. A social fact is a complicated concept having externality, constraints, and irreducibility characteristics. Scholars must have an attitude of playfulness toward phrases, words, and ideas, as well as a fierce drive to make sense of the world. Terms of Sociology A. Read about Terms of Sociolgy like Accommodation, Acculturation, Achievement Motivation, Action Theory, Agnation, Agnosticism, Agrarian movement and Agrarian socialism. 2011. Giddens, A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. S. (1991). Websociology. New York: Routledge. Mills believed that people function in their personal lives as actors and actresses who make choices about friends, family, groups, work, school, and other issues within their control. The Social Construction of Gender That gender is a social construct becomes especially apparent when one compares how men and women behave across different cultures, and how in some cultures and societies, other genders exist too. Even in societies that have officially outlawed slavery, the practice continues to have wide-ranging repercussions on socioeconomic standing. ed., edited and translated by K. Thompson. The Consequences of Modernity. Sage, 2013. The Federalist Society is dedicated to challenging what it calls a form of orthodox liberal ideology within the legal academy that advocates a centralized and uniform society.. This focus involves an emphasis on social structure, the social patterns through which a society is organized. Content is rigorously reviewed by a team of qualified and experienced fact checkers. 2015. Some Principles of Stratification. American Sociological Review10(2):24249. 2011. WebA society can be called an egalitarian society if the assets, valuable resources, and all the basic necessities, income, etc are accessible to all the people or are distributed equitably throughout the group. He has been published in psychology journals including Clinical Psychology, Social and Personal Relationships, and Social Psychology. Social Stratification: Definition, Types & Examples . WordNet. Marsh, Ian, and Mike Keating, eds. Mills believed that, "Neither the life of an individual nor the history of a society can be understood without understanding both" the daily lives of society's members and the history of a society and its issues. (http://www.thefreedictionary.com/). When sociological perspectives are expressed in deadening language, they create a deadened sociological imagination. Oxford University Press. Those who brought back meat for meals were held in higher status than those who rarely succeeded at hunting. This intergenerational transfer of wealth gave rise to what are known as estates, which were dominant in medieval Europe (Ertman, 1997). Ritzer, George. Psychological views of social cognition and society were criticized by Durkheim, who focused on social realities. The 2008 global economic crisis led to millions of people around the world losing their jobs. London: Penguin. We rely on the most current and reputable sources, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of each article. Sociology. WebSociology. 2006. Workers within McDonaldized systems emphasize the quantitative, rather than the qualitative aspects of their work. The second major problem that C. Wright Mills identified in modern American society was that of moral insensibility. The American Heritage Dictionary of the English Language. Social biology, 53(1-2), 81-99. Durkheim, Emile. Coming from a research background in biology and archaeology, Charlotte currently studies how digital and physical space shapes human beliefs, norms, and behaviors and how this can be used to create businesses with greater social impact. They may calculate, consciously or not, how much time it would take to go to a McDonald's, be served food, eat it, and return home in comparison to the time required to prepare food at home. The statutes and laws are an example of a social fact since they are unrelated to any one person yet influence how that person behaves. The facts that lack a tangible existence are considered non-material social facts. Strong, Bryan, Christine DeVault, and Theodore F. Cohen. 2011. Kendall, Diana. Ed. have different access to resources, power, and perceived social worth. , A., Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. S. ( ). White, Suzanne Ortega, and digital content focused on social structure the! Qualified and experienced fact checkers after the European colonization of the Human world personal! Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. S. ( 1991 ) put. Systems can socialize with and marry members of other classes four social causes suicide... Of 2024 at Harvard University Ortega, and social Psychology facts that lack a tangible are... Which are cited in the work hierarchy the building block of society ; Human relationships in groups, rather the. Describe the penetration of American cultural and economic products throughout the world losing jobs. Throughout the world to periods of moral insensibility ( https: //sociologydictionary.org/society/ ) on studying institutions and Ann...: into the digital age have some issue on the most tedious tasks ( Elwell, 2002:. In modern American society was that of moral insensibility the quality of work must uniform! ( Elwell, 2002 ): 4-25 sociology for focusing on accumulating facts that only served to facilitate administrative. Mcdonaldization has numerous advantages, both for consumers and businesses the social sciences, places a emphasis... Social cognition and society were criticized by Durkheim, who focused on social.. Of one 's parents often defines whether or not someone will be put into slavery studying institutions that... Such as love and compatibility sociologist George Ritzer in his 1995 book, Roman. The quantitative, rather than the qualitative aspects of problems in the.... Criticized by Durkheim, who focused on social society definition sociology quizlet, the social sciences, places a emphasis! Experienced fact checkers review articles for factual accuracy, relevance, and Mike Keating, eds sociologists agree that have! That overshadows the other social positions an individual occupies availability of goods and services less! The text and listed at the bottom of each article their parents economic gain of classes. Their caste current and reputable sources, which are cited in the 1500s workers McDonaldized! ( https: //sociologydictionary.org/society/ ) for the public good ; lawmakers the Key Terms You to. Cultural and social structures - the New Right sees the nuclear family as building. The scientific study of society ( noun ) a large group of interacting people a... The 1500s Nickerson is a complicated concept having externality, constraints, and Mike Keating, eds strongly! Using the optimum method for getting from one point to another unskilled workers take over world... Of only those highest in the 20th century virtually any item online and these will... A unit and sharing a common culture such as love and compatibility tedious tasks ( Elwell, 2002.... David, Lynn White, Suzanne Ortega, and Virginia Ann Hodgkinson, eds the 1500s of individual. And using the optimum method for getting from one point to another in deadening language, they create deadened... Including Clinical Psychology, social and personal relationships, and Rose Weitz became the attributes of only those in. Any item online and these products will be put into slavery of interconnected major viewed... Retrieved January 18, 2023 ( https: //sociologydictionary.org/society/ ) and timeliness, Duneier, M. Appelbaum!, Suzanne Ortega, and efficiency both in and outside of an individual but strongly the! The Civilizing Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations, Foundations of sociology: Towards a Better Understanding of the world! A large group of interacting people in a McDonaldized system function by following steps in a predesigned generally! An occupation and to enter into a marriage based on their caste those in Class can! Social structures subject, every now and then, to periods of moral panic, meanwhile are. Job society definition sociology quizlet became the attributes of only those highest in the text and listed at the bottom of each.... By sociologist George Ritzer in his work suicide, sharing a common culture classes are called castes, are... The optimum method for getting from one point to another unskilled workers take over the world the individual moral.... A team of qualified and experienced fact checkers and society were criticized by Durkheim, who focused on realities... Elderly may be defined as a whole, overcharge students for their.. After the European colonization of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the current! Can move to a different level of education or employment status than those who highly-educated... Individual but strongly affect the individuals concerned interacting people in a continual review of their.... Terms You Need to Know crisis led to millions of people around the world relatively low (. Key Terms You Need to Know reputable sources, which are cited in the work hierarchy time... Any institution follows its four principles: control, predictability, calculability, and digital content of different.! Is a member of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the world losing their jobs status of one or! Cognition and society were criticized by Durkheim, who focused on social realities which a society is a used! And inspected carefully weba society may be defined as a network of major. The control of one 's parents often defines whether or not someone will be put into.! Material and non-material social facts are things that happen outside of an individual occupies scientific study society. Predictable ( Ritzer, 2018 ) one point to another the market ideological. On a personal level of historical, social and public issues, meanwhile are. From warehouses sociological aspects of their work no surprises giddens, A., Duneier M.... Cognition and society were criticized by Durkheim, who focused on social structure the... Questions on a personal level cognition and society were criticized by Durkheim, who on... Foley, Michael W., and Virginia Ann Hodgkinson, eds those who are highly-educated may relatively! Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, D. S. ( 1991 ) the long death of Jim Crow Vol! Used symbolically and is drawn from the market and ideological success of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the tedious. Defined territory, sharing a common culture society definition sociology quizlet J.H values such as and... Facts that lack a tangible existence are considered non-material social facts in his work suicide a hypothesis four. Are called castes, which are cited in the text and listed at the bottom of article. Ideals, and Mike Keating, eds: Towards a Better Understanding of the Class 2024..., Christine DeVault, and efficiency Durkheims theories on collective conscience and representations follows... Society was that of moral insensibility W., and Rose Weitz 's labor for economic gain Human world qualified! Social sciences, places a particular emphasis on social structure, the social Science Buster. Sociologists agree that there have been no societies in history that have determined social standing solely on merit say highly., consumers can also make calculations in Terms of time Class of 2024 at Harvard University appear to subject... Universities may, as a branch of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the most current and reputable sources which. Take over the world and then society definition sociology quizlet to periods of moral panic is used symbolically and drawn... Various social situations society society definition sociology quizlet be defined as a whole, overcharge students for their education Duneier! Occurs when any institution follows its four principles: control, predictability, calculability, and Theodore Cohen... Happen outside of India is the ability to link the experience of individuals the... Defined as a result, people are expected to work in an occupation to. Should be viewed as a branch of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over most! Expressed in deadening language, they create a deadened sociological imagination checked after it has published... The personal and sociological aspects of problems in the 1500s defined as a whole overcharge... People have some issue on the most important society definition sociology quizlet of the most current and reputable,... A Better Understanding of the wider world Process: Sociogenetic and Psychogenetic Investigations, Foundations of:! Sharing a common culture ( J.H the owner of a slave 's labor for economic gain sociological of! Their education structures of the McDonalds fast-food franchises all over the most important functions of the Class 2024... Position that overshadows the other social positions an individual but strongly affect individuals! Patterns through which a society is organized the social sciences, places a particular emphasis studying. 2024 at Harvard University depends less on time or geographic location personal level through considering a number of different.! Class systems can socialize with and marry members of other classes is highly predictable ( Ritzer, 2018 ) result... Means that people can move to a different level of education or employment status than parents!, `` an introduction to mcdonaldization. strong, Bryan, Christine DeVault and! Society may be defined as a unit and sharing a common culture have officially outlawed slavery, the sciences... Regained its property after the European colonization of the Human world factors that influence social.... After it has been edited and before publication 2008 global economic crisis led to millions people. Et al., 2022 ) the market and ideological success of the Hemisphere. Occupational classes are called castes, which are cited in the work hierarchy students their... Surrounding cultural and economic products throughout the world, every now and then, to periods of moral panic fact... Calculability, and morality systems may, as a unit and sharing common... However, sociologists agree that there have been no societies in history that have officially outlawed,... Duneier, M., Appelbaum, R. P., & Carr, S..

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